Grape vine
![grape vine grape vine](https://www.ruralsprout.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/prune-grape-vines-feature.jpg)
The term “crown” refers to the basal region of the trunk slightly below and above the soil level. Multiple trunks are often used in grape growing regions that are at risk for winter injury. Other systems utilize canes, one-year-old wood arising from arms and usually located near the head of the vine. Where bilateral training systems are used, the cordon is trained to either side of the trunk, and some growers refer to each of the two sides of the cordons as arms. Cordons are usually trained horizontally along a trellis wire, with spurs spaced at regular intervals along their length. Some training systems utilize cordons, semi-permanent branches of the trunk. The trunk of a mature vine will have arms, short branches from which canes and/or spurs originate, which are located in different positions depending on the system. The height of the head is determined by pruning during the initial stages of training a young grapevine (or replacement trunk). For cane-pruned training systems, the top of the trunk is referred to as the head. The height of the trunk varies with the training system selected.
![grape vine grape vine](http://www.johnharveyphoto.com/OkanaganCamping/DarkPurpleGrapesHg.jpg)
The trunk, which was formerly an individual shoot trained as the trunk in a young vine, becomes permanent and supports the above-ground vegetative (leaves and stems) and reproductive (flowers and fruits) structures of the vine. Illustration courtesy of Eric Stafne, Mississippi State University. The trunk is permanent and supports the arms of the grape vine.